Introduction of battery

A battery refers to a cup, tank, or other container or part of a composite container that contains an electrolyte solution and a metal electrode to generate current and is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It has a positive pole and a negative pole. As technology advances, batteries generally refer to small devices that can generate electricity. Such as solar cells. The performance parameters of the battery mainly include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. Using the battery as the energy source can obtain stable voltage, stable current, a stable power supply for a long time, and a current that is little affected by the outside world. The battery structure is simple, easy to carry, easy to charge and discharge, and is not affected by the external climate and temperature. Influence and stable and reliable performance play a great role in all aspects of modern social life.

pneumatic fitting manufacturer

In a chemical battery, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy is the result of spontaneous chemical reactions such as oxidation and reduction inside the battery, which are carried out on the two electrodes, respectively. The negative electrode active material is composed of reducing agents with relatively negative potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as active metals such as zinc, cadmium, and lead, and hydrogen or hydrocarbons. The positive electrode active material is composed of oxidants with positive potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides such as manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxyacids and their salts, etc. An electrolyte is a material with good ion conductivity, such as acid, alkali, salt aqueous solution, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solution, molten salt, solid electrolyte, etc. When the external circuit is disconnected, although there is a potential difference (open circuit voltage) between the two poles, there is no current, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the action of the potential difference between the two electrodes. At the same time, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, the transfer of charges must be accompanied by oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the two-pole active material and the electrolyte, as well as the material migration of reactants and reaction products. The transfer of charges in the electrolyte is also accomplished by the migration of ions. Therefore, the normal charge transfer and material transfer processes inside the battery are necessary to ensure the normal output of electric energy. When charging, the direction of the process of electricity and mass transfer inside the battery is just opposite that of discharge; the electrode reaction must be reversible to ensure the normal progress of the process of mass and electricity transfer in the opposite direction. Therefore, the reversibility of the electrode reaction is a necessary condition for forming a battery. G is the Gibbs reaction free energy increment (Joule); F is the Faraday constant = 96500 library = 26.8 amp hours; n is the equivalent number of the battery reaction. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between the electromotive force of the battery and the reaction of the battery, and it is also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating the energy conversion efficiency of the battery. In fact, when the current flows through the electrode, the electrode potential will deviate from the thermodynamic equilibrium electrode potential; this phenomenon is called polarization. The greater the current density (current passing per unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the most important causes of battery energy loss. There are three reasons for polarization: The polarization caused by the resistance of each part of the battery is called ohmic polarization; the polarization caused by the blockage of the charge transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; and the polarization caused by the electrode-electrolyte interface layerThe polarization caused by the sluggish mass transfer process in the electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. The way to reduce the polarization is to increase the electrode reaction area, reduce the current density, increase the reaction temperature, and improve the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.